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Medicaid and Medicare Health Outcomes Survey

Medicaid and Medicare Health Outcomes Survey

De acuerdo a un informe mayo 2022 publicado por la Oficina del Inspector General (OIG) del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de EE. UU., aproximadamente 1 de cada 4 estadounidenses (25%) sufrió daños temporales o permanentes durante las estadías en el hospital en octubre de 2018. Estos eventos adversos para la salud ocurrieron bajo la cobertura de Medicare, que es uno de los mayores proveedores de cobertura de salud en Estados Unidos. De hecho, casi 80 millones de estadounidenses recibir cobertura de Medicare.

Si bien esta estadística recién publicada es alarmante, muestra una ligera disminución en el daño al paciente durante la última década. Según un estudio de la OIG publicado en 2010, aproximadamente el 27% de los pacientes de Medicare sufrieron daños durante su estadía en el hospital en octubre de 2008. Este estudio original estima que alrededor del 50% de estos eventos adversos en hospitales comunitarios se pudieron prevenir. Estos eventos dañinos también fueron muy costosos y le costaron al seguro de salud de Medicare alrededor de $324 millones en reembolsos y deducibles. 

El objetivo de estudios del gobierno federal como estos es mejorar la atención médica y la seguridad del paciente en los Estados Unidos. Esto se debe a la alarmante cantidad de muertes anuales causadas por negligencia médica. De hecho, un informe de 1999 publicado por el Instituto de Medicina (IOM) afirma que los errores médicos en los hospitales causan hasta 100,000 muertes en los estadounidenses cada año. Desde que el IOM publicó este informe, el gobierno de los Estados Unidos, los proveedores de atención médica y las compañías de seguros médicos han estado trabajando juntos para generar menos errores médicos. Por ejemplo, uno de los errores médicos más comunes y peligrosos en los EE. UU. involucra medicamentos recetados. Un informe de 2019 de la Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) estima que errores de medicación y las lesiones por drogas en los hospitales acumulan aproximadamente $3.5 mil millones cada año.

Tipos de daños que experimentaron los pacientes de Medicare

El estudio de la OIG incluyó a 770 pacientes cubiertos por el seguro de salud de Medicare. Estos pacientes sufrieron dos tipos principales de daños en octubre de 2018. 12% sufrió eventos adversos que resultaron en lesiones permanentes, estadías hospitalarias más prolongadas, intervenciones para salvar vidas e incluso la muerte. Mientras tanto, 13% experimentó eventos de salud que solo causaron daños temporales. El daño temporal puede haber requerido algún tipo de intervención médica, pero a diferencia de los pacientes que sufrieron eventos adversos, estos pacientes no necesitaron hospitalizaciones más prolongadas ni intervenciones para salvarles la vida. 

El estudio desglosa aún más los eventos de daño específicos. Afirma que 43% de los pacientes del hospital involucrados en este estudio se vieron perjudicados por errores de medicación. La cobertura de medicamentos recetados de Medicare tenía que cubrir los costos de todas las estadías prolongadas en el hospital y las intervenciones para salvar vidas. Mientras tanto, 23% de los eventos de daño fueron causados por la falta de atención adecuada al paciente, 22% fueron causados por procedimientos y cirugías, y 11% fueron causados por infecciones adquiridas en el hospital.

Prevenibilidad de estos eventos de daño

Para hacer que estas estadísticas sean más aterradoras, el estudio de la OIG también afirma que 43% de estos eventos dañinos fueron completamente prevenibles. Esto significa que los estadounidenses están sufriendo más traumas médicos de los necesarios porque los médicos no están atendiendo adecuadamente a sus pacientes. Este estudio también concluye que alrededor del 56% de eventos dañinos no se pudieron prevenir a pesar de que los profesionales médicos siguieron los protocolos adecuados.

Costos de eventos de daño para los Centros de Servicios de Medicare/Medicaid (CMS)

23% de los 770 pacientes que sufrieron eventos dañinos prevenibles o no prevenibles necesitaron más tratamiento médico. Naturalmente, este tratamiento médico resultó en más costos cubiertos por los beneficios de Medicare. Si bien la OIG no proporcionó una etiqueta de precio específica, estiman que estos eventos dañinos costaron cientos de millones de dólares solo en octubre de 2018.

Recomendaciones para los Centros de Servicios de Medicare y Medicaid (CMS) y la Agencia para la Calidad de la Investigación de Atención Médica (AHRQ)

Aunque EE. UU. tiene algunos de los mejores servicios de atención médica del mundo, todavía tiene muchos defectos. Y con lo que paga el estadounidense promedio por su plan de salud, es fundamental que los hospitales y los profesionales médicos de todo el mundo prioricen la seguridad del paciente. Una disminución gradual de los eventos nocivos no solo salvará vidas, sino que también ahorrará dinero. 

Es por eso que la OIG concluyó su estudio con recomendaciones tanto para los Centros de Servicios de Medicare/Medicaid (CMS) como para la Agencia para la Investigación y la Calidad de la Atención Médica (AHRQ). 

En primer lugar, la OIG recomienda que el CMS amplíe su lista de condiciones adquiridas en el hospital. De esa manera, la lista incluirá más condiciones que son comunes, prevenibles y costosas. El estudio también sugirió que el CMS amplíe las métricas de seguridad del paciente en las demostraciones y desarrolle una guía para los encuestadores que evalúan el cumplimiento del hospital y realizan un seguimiento de la atención al paciente.

En cuanto a las recomendaciones creadas para la AHRQ, la OIG sugiere que la agencia del gobierno federal use de manera efectiva el Sistema de revisión de calidad y seguridad, cree un modelo efectivo que difunda información sobre cómo mejorar la seguridad del paciente y cree nuevas estrategias para evitar que los pacientes sufran de condiciones comunes adquiridas en el hospital.

Are Medicare Patients At a Higher Risk of Malpractice?

Yes, Medicare patients are at a higher risk of medical malpractice. This is largely due to the following:

  • Medicare generally covers individuals 65 and older.
  • Older Medicare patients are more likely to undergo procedures, surgeries, or inpatient stays. These all increase exposure to negligent care.
  • Hospitals with high numbers of Medicare patients may face staffing shortages, rushed medical care, or diagnostic delays. All of these increase malpractice risks.
  • Medicare patients are frequently transferred between primary doctors, specialists, hospitals, and rehabilitation centers. This can lead to miscommunication, medication errors, misdiagnosis, and missed diagnosis.

While Medicare coverage itself doesn’t cause medical malpractice, the patient population that Medicare serves is more vulnerable to medical errors.

Are Medicaid Patients At a Higher Risk of Malpractice?

Yes, Medicaid patients are at a higher risk of malpractice for several reasons that are mostly systemic and socioeconomic:

  • Many top specialists and hospitals limit or refuse Medicaid patients. They do so because of lower reimbursement rates. This results in Medicaid patients receiving medical care from less experienced providers and overburdened facilities.
  • Medicaid patients are often forced to wait longer and have access to fewer preventive medical services. This increases the risk of late or missed diagnosis.
  • Because of lower reimbursement rates, Medicaid patients are more likely to receive medical treatment at facilities with fewer resources, outdated medical equipment, and fewer staff.
  • Medicaid serves those with lower incomes. According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, three‑quarters of non‑elderly patients enrolled in Medicaid report having at least one chronic condition. Additionally, nearly one‑third have three or more chronic conditions. These stats are significantly higher compared to patients with private insurance.

Is Medicaid Worse Than Private Insurance?

Research shows that Medicaid patients who are undergoing surgery generally are sicker beforehand, have longer hospitalizations, higher readmissions, and worse postoperative outcomes when compared to patients with private insurance. This is noted in a University of Michigan study. Additionally, the Heritage Foundation also found that Medicaid patients often experience delayed diagnoses, medical care from less skilled physicians or surgeons, and have higher mortality rates.

Is Medicaid Worse Than No Insurance?

El Oregon Health Insurance Experiment showed that Medicaid patients had more preventive visits, better monitoring for chronic conditions, and improved mental health outcomes as opposed to patients who didn’t have insurance.

Why Do Doctors Refuse Medicaid Patients?

Doctors refuse Medicaid patients for a combination of reasons. The most significant reasons doctors refuse Medicaid patients include:

  • Medicaid pays doctors significantly less than private insurance or Medicare. Sometimes, the Medicaid reimbursement doesn’t even cover the cost of the medical care provided.
  • Medicaid billing involves much more paperwork. This billing comes with complex rules. Additionally, Medicaid reimbursements are much slower than private insurance payments. These factors make it more difficult for providers to manage billing efficiently. Furthermore, because Medicaid is state-run, reimbursement rates and rules differ, and in some states, participation is less practical for providers.
  • Medicaid patients are statistically more likely to miss appointments. Privately insured patients have insurance taken out of their paychecks and may face a higher sense of duty to show up for scheduled visits.
  • According to the study referenced above, Medicaid patients are more prone to having multiple chronic conditions. This requires more time from physicians without a higher payment, resulting in financial losses for the practice.

Many doctors who limit or refuse Medicaid patients are not doing so out of disregard for those patients. Many physicians are trying to navigate a healthcare system that has serious financial and administrative constraints. Medicaid does play a crucial role in helping millions of Texans get access to healthcare. However, the structure of the Medicaid program often puts excessive pressure on smaller medical practices and specialists who already have limited resources.

In practice, this makes it harder for Medicaid patients to find quality medical care, especially in rural areas or locations that are underserved. This is not because providers don’t want to help, but because the Medicaid system doesn’t make it sustainable for them to consistently treat Medicaid patients and keep their practice open.

Via What Entry Are Medicare and Medicaid Sanctions and Malpractice History Checked?

Medicare and Medicaid sanctions and malpractice history are checked through the Banco Nacional de Datos de Profesionales (NPDB).

So, if a patient wants to check whether a doctor or healthcare provider has a history of Medicare or Medicaid sanctions or malpractice problems, most of that information is stored in the link above.

Hospitals, insurers, and government agencies use this to look up any serious issues related to medical malpractice claims or sanctions. They do this by submitting a Query using the provider’s name or their National Provider Identifier (NPI). The NPI is essentially an ID number for doctors.

The NPDB can show the following:

  • Past malpractice payouts
  • Medicare or Medicaid exclusions
  • License suspensions
  • Hospital discipline or privilege restrictions

For Medicare-related violations, agencies can also search the Office of Inspector General (OIG) Exclusions List to determine if someone is banned from billing federal health programs.

However, these searches aren’t available to the public with names attached. Many researchers and journalists look at the trends using the NPDB Public Use File. This shows the data without naming any providers.

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